SAT Practice Test 9

The lengths of two sides of a triangle are 4 centimeters and 6 centimeters. If the perimeter of the triangle is 18 centimeters, what is the length, in centimeters, of the third side of this triangle?

\(16x + 30 = 190\) Which equation has the same solution as the given equation?

Ty set a goal to walk at least 24 kilometers every day to prepare for a multiday hike. On a certain day, Ty plans to walk at an average speed of 4 kilometers per hour. What is the minimum number of hours Ty must walk on that day to fulfill the daily goal?

The function g is defined by \(g(x) = x^2 + 9\). For which value of \(x\) is \(g(x) = 25\)?

Which expression is equivalent to \(9x^2 + 5x\)?

Each value in the data set shown represents the height, in centimeters, of a plant. 6, 10, 13, 2, 15, 22, 10, 4, 4, 4 What is the mean height, in centimeters, of these plants?

A student council group is selling school posters for a fundraiser. They use the function \(p(x) = 5x - 220\) to determine their profit \(p(x)\), in dollars, for selling \(x\) school posters. In order to earn a profit of \$900, how many school posters must they sell?

Jay walks at a speed of 3 miles per hour and runs at a speed of 5 miles per hour. He walks for w hours and runs for r hours for a combined total of 14 miles. Which equation represents this situation?

John paid a total of \$165 for a microscope by making a down payment of \$37 plus \(p\) monthly payments of \$16 each. Which of the following equations represents this situation?

\(y - 57 = px\) The given equation relates the positive numbers \(p\), \(x\), and \(y\). Which equation correctly expresses \(y\) in terms of \(p\) and \(x\)?

A company opens an account with an initial balance of \$36,100.00. The account earns interest, and no additional deposits or withdrawals are made. The account balance is given by an exponential function \(A\), where \(A(t)\) is the account balance, in dollars, \(t\) years after the account is opened. The account balance after 13 years is \$68,071.93. Which equation could define \(A\)?

[Circle diagram with center O, circumference 144pi, and diameters PR and QS] The circle shown has center O, circumference 144pi, and diameters PR and QS. The length of arc PS is twice the length of arc PQ. What is the length of arc QR?

\(y = -2x\) \(3x + y = 40\) The solution to the given system of equations is \((x, y)\). What is the value of \(x\)?

Data value	Frequency
6	3
7	3
8	8
9	8
10	9
11	11
12	9
13	0
14	6

The frequency table summarizes the 57 data values in a data set. What is the maximum data value in the data set?

One leg of a right triangle has a length of 43.2 millimeters. The hypotenuse of the triangle has a length of 196.8 millimeters. What is the length of the other leg of the triangle, in millimeters?

A wire with a length of 106 inches is cut into two parts. One part has a length of \(x\) inches, and the other part has a length of \(y\) inches. The value of \(x\) is 6 more than 4 times the value of \(y\). What is the value of \(x\)?

\(f(x) = (x + 6)(x + 5)(x - 4)\) The function f is given. Which table of values represents \(y = f(x) - 3\)?

A landscaper uses a hose that puts 88x ounces of water in a bucket in 5y minutes. Which expression represents the number of ounces of water the hose puts in the bucket in 9y minutes at this rate?

\(4x - 9y = 9y + 5\) \(hy = 2 + 4x\) In the given system of equations, \(h\) is a constant. If the system has no solution, what is the value of \(h\)?

13 is \(p\)% of 25. What is the value of \(p\)?

\(\sqrt{(x - 2)^2} = \sqrt{3x + 34}\) What is the smallest solution to the given equation?

Function f is defined by \(f(x) = (x + 6)(x + 5)(x + 1)\). Function g is defined by \(g(x) = f(x - 1)\). The graph of \(y = g(x)\) in the xy-plane has x-intercepts at \((a, 0)\), \((b, 0)\), and \((c, 0)\), where \(a\), \(b\), and \(c\) are distinct constants. What is the value of \(a + b + c\)?

For \(x > 0\), the function f is defined as follows: \(f(x)\) equals 201% of \(x\) Which of the following could describe this function?

\(f(x) = 4x^2 + 64x + 262\) The function g is defined by \(g(x) = f(x + 5)\). For what value of \(x\) does \(g(x)\) reach its minimum?

One gallon of stain will cover 170 square feet of a surface. A yard has a total fence area of \(w\) square feet. Which equation represents the total amount of stain \(S\), in gallons, needed to stain the fence in this yard twice?

Poll Results
Angel Cruz	483
Terry Smith	320

The table shows the results of a poll. A total of 803 voters selected at random were asked which candidate they would vote for in the upcoming election. According to the poll, if 6,424 people vote in the election, by how many votes would Angel Cruz be expected to win?

Right rectangular prism X is similar to right rectangular prism Y. The surface area of right rectangular prism X is 58 square centimeters \(cm^2\), and the surface area of right rectangular prism Y is 1,450 \(cm^2\). The volume of right rectangular prism Y is 1,250 cubic centimeters \(cm^3\). What is the sum of the volumes, in \(cm^3\), of right rectangular prism X and right rectangular prism Y?

\(w + 7 = 357\) What value of w is the solution to the given equation?

Which expression is equivalent to \(16(x + 15)\)?

	Live east of the river	Live west of the river	Total
Less than 40 years old	17	11	28
At least 40 years old	18	89	107
Total	35	100	135

The table summarizes members of a local organization by age and whether they live east or west of the river. If a member of the organization is selected at random, what is the probability that the selected member is at least 40 years old?

\(3x = 12\) \(-3x + y = -6\) The solution to the given system of equations is \((x, y)\). What is the value of \(y\)?

A line in the xy-plane has a slope of 1/9 and passes through the point (0, 14). Which equation represents this line?

[Figure showing line c intersecting parallel lines s and t, with angles \(x\) degree and \(110\) degree] In the figure shown, line c intersects parallel lines s and t. What is the value of \(x\)?

\(f(x) = x + \dfrac{8}{11}\) The function f is defined by the given equation. What is the value of \(f(x)\) when \(x = \dfrac{3}{11}\)?

\(x\)	\(y\)
0	18
1	13
2	8

The table shows three values of \(x\) and their corresponding values of \(y\). There is a linear relationship between \(x\) and \(y\). Which of the following equations represents this relationship?

\(x + 7 = 10\) \((x + 7)^2 = y\) Which ordered pair \((x, y)\) is a solution to the given system of equations?

The function f is defined by \(f(x) = 7x - 84\). What is the x-intercept of the graph of \(y = f(x)\) in the xy-plane?

Time (years)	Total amount (dollars)
0	604.00
1	606.42
2	608.84

Rosa opened a savings account at a bank. The table shows the exponential relationship between the time t, in years, since Rosa opened the account and the total amount n, in dollars, in the account. If Rosa made no additional deposits or withdrawals, which of the following equations best represents the relationship between t and n?

\(w(t) = 300 - 4t\) The function w models the volume of liquid, in milliliters, in a container t seconds after it begins draining from a hole at the bottom. According to the model, what is the predicted volume, in milliliters, draining from the container each second?

\(h(x) = x + b\) For the linear function h, \(b\) is a constant and \(h(0) = 45\). What is the value of \(b\)?

\(z^2 + 10z - 24 = 0\) What is one of the solutions to the given equation?

Triangle FGH is similar to triangle JKL, where \(\angle F\) corresponds to \(\angle J\) and angles G and K are right angles. If \(\sin(F) = \dfrac{308}{317}\), what is the value of \(\sin(J)\)?

The population of Greenville increased by 7% from 2015 to 2016. If the 2016 population is \(k\) times the 2015 population, what is the value of \(k\)?

[Two dot plots showing glue sticks for Class A (values 1-7) and Class B (values 14-20)] Each of the dot plots shown represents the number of glue sticks brought in by each student for two classes, class A and class B. Which statement best compares the standard deviations of the numbers of glue sticks brought in by each student for these two classes?

\(m(t) = -0.0274\left(\dfrac{t}{7}\right)^2 + 7.3873\left(\dfrac{t}{7}\right) + 75.032\) The function m gives the predicted body mass \(m(t)\), in kilograms (kg), of a certain animal t days after it was born in a wildlife reserve, where \(t \leq 390\). Which of the following is the best interpretation of the statement "\(m(330)\) is approximately equal to 362" in this context?

Triangle XYZ is similar to triangle RST such that X, Y, and Z correspond to R, S, and T, respectively. The measure of \(\angle Z\) is \(20^{\circ}\) and \(2XY = RS\). What is the measure of \(\angle T\)?

The function \(f(t) = 60,000(2)^{\dfrac{t}{410}}\) gives the number of bacteria in a population \(t\) minutes after an initial observation. How much time, in minutes, does it take for the number of bacteria in the population to double?

The function f is defined by \(f(x) = a^x + b\), where \(a\) and \(b\) are constants and \(a > 0\). In the xy-plane, the graph of \(y = f(x)\) has a y-intercept at \((0, -25)\) and passes through the point \((2, 23)\). What is the value of \(a + b\)?

\(y > 13x - 18\) For which of the following tables are all the values of \(x\) and their corresponding values of \(y\) solutions to the given inequality?

A certain town has an area of 4.36 square miles. What is the area, in square yards, of this town? (1 mile = 1,760 yards)

A square is inscribed in a circle. The radius of the circle is \(\dfrac{20 \sqrt{2}}{2}\) inches. What is the side length, in inches, of the square?

Which expression is equivalent to \(\dfrac{y + 12}{x - 8} + \dfrac{y(x - 8)}{x^2 y - 8xy}\)?

The function f is defined by \(f(x) = a(2.2^x + 2.2^b)\), where \(a\) and \(b\) are integer constants and \(0 < a < b\). The functions g and h are equivalent to function f, where \(k\) and \(m\) are constants. Which of the following equations displays the y-coordinate of the y-intercept of the graph of \(y = f(x)\) in the xy-plane as a constant or coefficient? I. \(g(x) = a(2.2^x + k)\) II. \(h(x) = a(2.2)^x + m\)

\(x(kx - 56) = -16\) In the given equation, \(k\) is an integer constant. If the equation has no real solution, what is the least possible value of \(k\)?

The following text is adapted from Ida B. Wells's 1970 autobiography A Crusade for Justice. Mr. Watts is a reference to George Frederic Watts, an English painter. [Manchester's] art galleries are so arranged that the name of every picture is plainly seen and one has no need of a catalogue to pick out the name and the artist. This is a convenience to the general public, which other art galleries, which shall be nameless, might copy to advantage. To her treasure of art Manchester has added Mr. Watts' latest picture, the Good Samaritan. As used in the text, what does the word "arranged" most nearly mean?

One challenge of generating electricity from ocean waves is that wave power isn't _______: it varies in unpredictable ways that pose technological and planning problems for electricity generation. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Due to their often strange images, highly experimental syntax, and opaque subject matter, many of John Ashbery's poems can be quite difficult to _______ and thus are the object of heated debate among scholars. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Diego Velázquez was the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV of Spain during the seventeenth century, but his influence was hardly _______ Spain: realist and impressionist painters around the world employed his techniques and echoed elements of his style. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Although science fiction was dominated mostly by white male authors when Octavia Butler, a Black woman, began writing, she did not view the genre as _______: Butler broke into the field with the publication of several short stories and her 1976 novel Patternmaster, and she later became the first science fiction writer to win a prestigious MacArthur Fellowship. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

The following text is adapted from Cynthia Kadohata's 2004 novel Kira-Kira. [Uncle Katsuhisa] was as loud as my father was quiet. Even when he wasn't talking, he made a lot of noise, clearing his throat and sniffing and tapping his fingers. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence?

Wakako Yamauchi is best known for And the Soul Shall Dance, her 1977 play about a Japanese American family in Southern California. The play is based on a short story Yamauchi had published three years earlier. Adapting the story wasn't easy. Theater relies on dialogue between characters, but the original story features little dialogue and instead describes its characters' silent thoughts. To transform the story into a play, Yamauchi created situations where characters reveal their thoughts by speaking them aloud during conversations with each other. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

In response to concerns that some recent financial crises were exacerbated by consumers misunderstanding risks associated with credit cards, loans, and other financial products, policymakers in many countries have instituted risk-disclosure requirements on sellers of those products. Enrique Seira et al. investigated a variety of risk-disclosure messages sent to thousands of credit card customers and found that the messages had only small and short-lived effects on behavior. Seira et al. asserted that such effects may nevertheless be worth pursuing, given the negligible cost of messaging. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

Text 1 When companies in the same industry propose merging with one another, they often claim that the merger will benefit consumers by increasing efficiency and therefore lowering prices. Economist Ying Fan investigated this notion in the context of the United States newspaper market. She modeled a hypothetical merger of Minneapolis-area newspapers and found that subscription prices would rise following a merger. Text 2 Economists Dario Focarelli and Fabio Panetta have argued that research on the effect of mergers on prices has focused excessively on short-term effects, which tend to be adverse for consumers. Using the case of consumer banking in Italy, they show that over the long term (several years, in their study), the efficiency gains realized by merged companies do result in economic benefits for consumers. Based on the texts, how would Focarelli and Panetta (Text 2) most likely respond to Fan's findings (Text 1)?

Utah is home to Pando, a colony of about 47,000 quaking aspen trees that all share a single root system. Pando is one of the largest single organisms by mass on Earth, but ecologists are worried that its growth is declining in part because of grazing by animals. The ecologists say that strong fences could prevent deer from eating young trees and help Pando start thriving again. According to the text, why are ecologists worried about Pando?

Recordings of Female Bottlenose Dolphins with Their Calves

Dolphin ID	Recording year
FB07	2012
FB25	1989
FB43	1992
FB79	2018

In a study of bottlenose dolphins, biologist Laela S. Sayigh and a team of researchers analyzed recordings of female bottlenose dolphins interacting with their calves. According to the table, in which year was the dolphin with the ID FB43 recorded with her calf?

Maximum Height of Maple Trees When Fully Grown

Tree type	Maximum height (feet)	Native to North America
Sugar maple	75	yes
Silver maple	70	yes
Red maple	60	yes
Japanese maple	25	no
Norway maple	50	no

For a school project, a forestry student needs to recommend a maple tree that is native to North America and won't grow more than 60 feet in height. Based on the characteristics of five common maple trees, she has decided to select a _______ Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the text?

[Graph showing Metal Content of Plants with and without Kanamycin Exposure - zinc and iron levels] Many plants lose their leaf color when exposed to kanamycin, an antibiotic produced by some soil microorganisms. Spelman College biologist Mentewab Ayalew and her colleagues hypothesized that plants' response to kanamycin exposure involves altering their uptake of metals, such as iron and zinc. The researchers grew two groups of seedlings of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, half of which were exposed to kanamycin and half of which were a control group without exposure to kanamycin, and measured the plants' metal content five days after germination. Which choice best describes data in the graph that support Ayalew and her colleagues' hypothesis?

Average Number and Duration of Torpor Bouts and Arousal Episodes for Alaska Marmots and Arctic Ground Squirrels, 2008–2011

Feature	Alaska marmots	Arctic ground squirrels
torpor bouts	12	10.5
duration per bout	13.81 days	16.77 days
arousal episodes	11	9.5
duration per episode	21.2 hours	14.2 hours

When hibernating, Alaska marmots and Arctic ground squirrels enter a state called torpor, which minimizes the energy their bodies need to function. Often a hibernating animal will temporarily come out of torpor (called an arousal episode) and its metabolic rate will rise, burning more of the precious energy the animal needs to survive the winter. Alaska marmots hibernate in groups and therefore burn less energy keeping warm during these episodes than they would if they were alone. A researcher hypothesized that because Arctic ground squirrels hibernate alone, they would likely exhibit longer bouts of torpor and shorter arousal episodes than Alaska marmots. Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researcher's hypothesis?

[Graph showing Percentage of Nonhexagonal Cells in Hives of Three Honeybee Species - 5-sided, 7-sided, 8-sided cells for black dwarf honeybee, dwarf honeybee, western honeybee] Honeybee hives consist mainly of hexagonal (six-sided) units called cells, in which queens lay eggs. Hexagonal cells for eggs that develop into nonreproductive workers are smaller than those for eggs that develop into reproductive drones, though the size difference varies by species. Difference in cell size results in a construction problem—it's hard to neatly connect sections of small cells to sections of large cells—that worsens as the difference increases. To fill in gaps between the sections when building a hive, bees rely on cells that have more or fewer than six sides. A student studying beehive structure consults data on three species, concluding that _______ Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the student's conclusion?

ALSOL is a microcredit program in Mexico that makes small loans to female entrepreneurs who lack the collateral and credit history to secure financing from conventional banks. Borrowers use their business proceeds to repay loans in equal weekly installments and incur no penalty for missed payments other than lack of access to larger loans. Economists Gustavo Barboza and Sandra Trejos analyzed ALSOL data and found that rural borrowers, who mostly make and sell handicrafts, miss payments more often than urban borrowers do, partly because they sell their goods less frequently than they could. Barboza and Trejos claim that this behavior reflects strategic decisions that enable rural women to increase their profits per unit sold. Which finding, if true, would most directly support Barboza and Trejos's claim?

In documents called judicial opinions, judges explain the reasoning behind their legal rulings, and in those explanations they sometimes cite and discuss historical and contemporary philosophers. Legal scholar and philosopher Anita L. Allen argues that while judges are naturally inclined to mention philosophers whose views align with their own positions, the strongest judicial opinions consider and rebut potential objections; discussing philosophers whose views conflict with judges' views could therefore _______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

Although military veterans make up a small proportion of the total population of the United States, they occupy a significantly higher proportion of the jobs in the civilian government. One possible explanation for this disproportionate representation is that military service familiarizes people with certain organizational structures that are also reflected in the civilian government bureaucracy, and this familiarity thus _______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

A member of the Cherokee Nation, Mary Golda Ross is renowned for her contributions to NASA's Planetary Flight Handbook, which _______ detailed mathematical guidance for missions to Mars and Venus. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

The classic children's board game Chutes and Ladders is a version of an ancient Nepalese game, Paramapada Sopanapata. In both games, players encounter "good" or "bad" spaces while traveling along a path; landing on one of the good spaces _______ a player to skip ahead and arrive closer to the end goal. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In 1930, Japanese American artist Chiura Obata depicted the natural beauty of Yosemite National Park in two memorable woodcuts: Evening at Carl Inn and Lake Basin in the High Sierra. In 2019, _______ exhibited alongside 150 of Obata's other works in a single-artist show at the Smithsonian American Art Museum. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Journalists have dubbed Gil Scott-Heron the "godfather of rap," a title that has appeared in hundreds of articles about him since the 1990s. Scott-Heron himself resisted the godfather _______ feeling that it didn't encapsulate his devotion to the broader African American blues music tradition as well as "bluesologist," the moniker he preferred. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Stomata, tiny pore structures in a leaf that absorb gases needed for plant growth, open when guard cells surrounding each pore swell with water. In a pivotal 2007 article, plant cell _______ showed that lipid molecules called phosphatidylinositol phosphates are responsible for signaling guard cells to open stomata. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

As cheesemaking practices spread throughout Europe and Asia during and after the Neolithic, divergent strategies for preserving milk _______ whereas rennet-coagulated cheesemaking became key to milk preservation in Europe and Southwest Asia, acid-heat coagulation methods became common among nomadic herding populations of the northeastern Eurasian steppe. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Recent pollen analyses of the Aran Islands have led some researchers to propose that the now treeless islands were once wooded. This hypothesis _______ that certain trees, such as P. sylvestris, survived without interruption or human intervention throughout the Holocene cannot stand, researchers Michael O'Connell and Karen Molloy counter, unless other explanations can first be ruled out. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Researchers studying the "terra-cotta army," the thousands of life-size statues of warriors found interred near the tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huang of China, were shocked to realize that the shape of each statue's ears, like the shape of each person's ears, _______ unique. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's 2013 novel Americanah chronicles the divergent experiences of Ifemelu and Obinze, a young Nigerian couple, after high school. Ifemelu moves to the United States to attend a prestigious university. _______ Obinze travels to London, hoping to start a career there. However, frustrated with the lack of opportunities, he soon returns to Nigeria. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Some members of the US Supreme Court have resisted calls to televise the court's oral arguments, concerned that the participants would be tempted to perform for the cameras (and thus lower the quality of the discourse). _______ the justices worry that most viewers would not even watch the full deliberations, only short clips that could be misinterpreted and mischaracterized. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

The more diverse and wide ranging an animal's behaviors, the larger and more energy demanding the animal's brain tends to be. _______ from an evolutionary perspective, animals that perform only basic actions should allocate fewer resources to growing and maintaining brain tissue. The specialized subtypes of ants within colonies provide an opportunity to explore this hypothesis. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A firefly uses specialized muscles to draw oxygen into its lower abdomen through narrow tubes, triggering a chemical reaction whereby the oxygen combines with chemicals in the firefly's abdomen to produce a glow. _______ when the firefly stops drawing in oxygen, the reaction—and the glow—cease. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • NASA uses rovers, large remote vehicles with wheels, to explore the surface of Mars. • NASA's rovers can't explore regions inaccessible to wheeled vehicles. • Rovers are also heavy, making them difficult to land on the planet's surface. • Microprobes, robotic probes that weigh as little as 50 milligrams, could be deployed virtually anywhere on the surface of Mars. • Microprobes have been proposed as an alternative to rovers. The student wants to explain an advantage of microprobes. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Severo Ochoa discovered the enzyme PNPase in 1955. • PNPase is involved in both the creation and degradation of mRNA. • Ochoa incorrectly hypothesized that PNPase provides the genetic blueprints for mRNA. • The discovery of PNPase proved critical to deciphering the human genetic code. • Deciphering the genetic code has led to a better understanding of how genetic variations affect human health. The student wants to emphasize the significance of Ochoa's discovery. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Cecilia Vicuña is a multidisciplinary artist. • In 1971, her first solo art exhibition, Pinturas, poemas y explicaciones, was shown at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in Santiago, Chile. • Her poetry collection Precario/Precarious was published in 1983 by Tanam Press. • Her poetry collection Instan was published in 2002 by Kelsey St. Press. • She lives part time in Chile, where she was born, and part time in New York. The student wants to introduce the artist's 1983 poetry collection. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

The following text is from Anita Desai's 2011 novella Translator Translated. While working on her translation of a novel written in Odia (a language of India) into English, the narrator looks out her window at night to clear her mind. I tried to distract myself with these sights of the ordinary world, but in my mind it was the lines I had been translating and the lines that I had been writing that remained in the forefront. I longed for sleep to obliterate them but it eluded me. Perhaps everything would be normal again once I had sent off the manuscript, I thought, and looked forward to completing the work. As used in the text, what does the word "completing" most nearly mean?

Predatory animals differ widely in how they _______ food for their young. Some leave dead prey nearby for their young to consume, some bring live prey to their young, and some feed their young directly from their own mouths. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Nigerian American author Teju Cole's _______ his two passions—photography and the written word—culminates in his 2017 book, Blind Spot, which evocatively combines his original photographs from his travels with his poetic prose. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Artist Marilyn Dingle's intricate, coiled baskets are _______ sweetgrass and palmetto palm. Following a Gullah technique that originated in West Africa, Dingle skillfully winds a thin palm frond around a bunch of sweetgrass with the help of a "sewing bone" to create the basket's signature look that no factory can reproduce. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Beginning in the 1950s, Navajo Nation legislator Annie Dodge Wauneka continuously worked to promote public health; this _______ effort involved traveling throughout the vast Navajo homeland and writing a medical dictionary for speakers of Diné bizaad, the Navajo language. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Oral histories—whether they consist of interviews or recordings of songs and stories—can offer researchers a rich view of people's everyday experiences. For her book about coal mining communities in Kentucky during the twentieth century, Karida Brown therefore relied in part on interviews with coal miners and their families. By doing so, she gained valuable insights into her subjects' day-to-day lives. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

The following text is from Georgia Douglas Johnson's 1922 poem "Benediction." Go forth, my son, Winged by my heart's desire! Great reaches, yet unknown, Await For your possession. I may not, if I would, Retrace the way with you, My pilgrimage is through, But life is calling you! Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

The following text is from Edith Wharton's 1905 novel The House of Mirth. Lily Bart and a companion are walking through a park. Lily had no real intimacy with nature, but she had a passion for the appropriate and could be keenly sensitive to a scene which was the fitting background of her own sensations. The landscape outspread below her seemed an enlargement of her present mood, and she found something of herself in its calmness, its breadth, its long free reaches. On the nearer slopes the sugar-maples wavered like pyres of light; lower down was a massing of grey orchards, and here and there the lingering green of an oak-grove. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

Individual elephants and Arctic herbivores such as caribou tend to have fixed geographic ranges throughout their lifetimes, which had prompted some researchers to speculate that the Arctic woolly mammoth, an extinct elephantid, might have exhibited similar behavior. Mammoth tusks grew in sequential layers, incorporating ingested minerals and organics, and so each ivory stratum reflects the ratio of strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) in the local environment; thus, the sequence of strata shows where the animal roamed during life. Recent analysis of the strontium ratios in the strata of one Arctic woolly mammoth tusk in relation to the geographic distribution of strontium ratios in the environment shows the animal's range begin to expand as it reached sexual maturity, only to contract again in its final 1.5 years. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined statement in the text as a whole?

In the 1960s, Gloria Richardson led a movement to promote racial equality. Her involvement in this effort was inspired by her daughter, Donna Richardson. In 1961, Donna joined protests organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in Cambridge, Maryland. Following her daughter, Gloria joined these protests too. Gloria soon became the cochair of the Cambridge Nonviolent Action Committee. She was also the leader of what became known as the Cambridge movement. According to the text, what did Gloria Richardson lead?

The following text is from Jane Austen's 1811 novel Sense and Sensibility. Elinor lives with her younger sisters and her mother, Mrs. Dashwood. Elinor, this eldest daughter, whose advice was so effectual, possessed a strength of understanding, and coolness of judgment, which qualified her, though only nineteen, to be the counsellor of her mother, and enabled her frequently to counteract, to the advantage of them all, that eagerness of mind in Mrs. Dashwood which must generally have led to imprudence. She had an excellent heart;—her disposition was affectionate, and her feelings were strong; but she knew how to govern them: it was a knowledge which her mother had yet to learn; and which one of her sisters had resolved never to be taught. According to the text, what is true about Elinor?

Culinary anthropologist Vertamae Smart-Grosvenor may be known for her decades of work in national public television and radio, but her book Vibration Cooking: or, the Travel Notes of a Geechee Girl is likely her most influential project. The 1970 book, whose title refers to Smart-Grosvenor's roots in the Low Country of South Carolina, was unusual for its time. It combined memoir, recipes, travel writing, and social commentary and challenged notions about conventions of food and cooking. Long admired by many, the book and its author have shaped contemporary approaches to writing about cuisine. Which choice best describes the main idea of the text?

The following text is adapted from Charles W. Chesnutt's 1901 novel The Marrow of Tradition. Mrs. Ochiltree was a woman of strong individuality, whose comments upon her acquaintance[s], present or absent, were marked by a frankness at times no less than startling. This characteristic caused her to be more or less avoided. Mrs. Ochiltree was aware of this sentiment on the part of her acquaintance[s], and rather exulted in it. Based on the text, what is true about Mrs. Ochiltree's acquaintances?

"Mrs. Spring Fragrance" is a 1912 short story by Sui Sin Far. In the story, Mrs. Spring Fragrance, a Chinese immigrant living in Seattle, is traveling in California. In letters to her husband and friend, she demonstrates her concern for what's happening at her home in Seattle while she is away: _______ Which quotation from Mrs. Spring Fragrance's letters most effectively illustrates the claim?

When digging for clams, their primary food, sea otters damage the roots of eelgrass plants growing on the seafloor. Near Vancouver Island in Canada, the otter population is large and well established, yet the eelgrass meadows are healthier than those found elsewhere off Canada's coast. To explain this, conservation scientist Erin Foster and colleagues compared the Vancouver Island meadows to meadows where otters are absent or were reintroduced only recently. Finding that the Vancouver Island meadows have a more diverse gene pool than the others do, Foster hypothesized that damage to eelgrass roots increases the plant's rate of sexual reproduction; this, in turn, boosts genetic diversity, which benefits the meadows' health overall. Which finding, if true, would most directly undermine Foster's hypothesis?

In the twentieth century, ethnographers made a concerted effort to collect Mexican American folklore, but they did not always agree about that folklore's origins. Scholars such as Aurelio Espinosa claimed that Mexican American folklore derived largely from the folklore of Spain, which ruled Mexico and what is now the southwestern United States from the sixteenth to early nineteenth centuries. Scholars such as Américo Paredes, by contrast, argued that while some Spanish influence is undeniable, Mexican American folklore is mainly the product of the ongoing interactions of various cultures in Mexico and the United States. Which finding, if true, would most directly support Paredes's argument?

Among social animals that care for their young, such as chickens, macaque monkeys, and humans, newborns appear to show an innate attraction to faces and face-like stimuli. Elisabetta Versace and her colleagues used an image of three black dots arranged in the shape of eyes and a nose or mouth to test whether this trait also occurs in Testudo tortoises, which live alone and do not engage in parental care. They found that tortoise hatchlings showed a significant preference for the image, suggesting that _______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

Aptamers—synthetic DNA or RNA molecules that bind to target molecules—can be used to test for foodborne bacterial pathogens, though their specificity (the probability of returning a negative result in the absence of the focal pathogen) in real-world foods has been unclear. Sandeep Somvanshi et al. fabricated test paper incorporating aptamers targeting strain O157:H7 of the bacteria Escherichia coli; the paper shifts from pink to purple as the aptamers bind to target molecules. Somvanshi et al. tested the paper in store-bought pear juice they treated with E. coli O157:H7, other strains of E. coli, or other bacteria species. Following exposure, the paper from the O157:H7 test was purple while papers from the other tests were pink, suggesting that _______ Which choice most logically completes the text?

British scientists James Watson and Francis Crick won the Nobel Prize in part for their 1953 paper announcing the double helix structure of DNA, but it is misleading to say that Watson and Crick discovered the double helix. _______ findings were based on a famous X-ray image of DNA fibers, "Photo 51," developed by X-ray crystallographer Rosalind Franklin and her graduate student Raymond Gosling. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In the historical novel The Surrender Tree, Cuban American author Margarita Engle uses poetry rather than prose _______ the true story of Cuban folk hero Rosa La Bayamesa. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Interest in mechanotransduction, the mechanism by which cells sense and convert mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals, is expanding because of innovative work by biomedical scientists—many of whom, like neuroscience and biophysics expert Elba Serrano, _______ this mechanism to better understand how the body's neurological and biomechanical systems interact. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In crafting her fantasy fiction, Nigerian-born British author Helen Oyeyemi has drawn inspiration from the classic nineteenth-century fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. Her 2014 novel Boy, Snow, Bird, for instance, is a complex retelling of the story of Snow White, while her 2019 novel _______ offers a delicious twist on the classic tale of Hansel and Gretel. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Sociologist Todd Gitlin co-opted the term "recombinant," normally used in reference to genetic engineering, to describe serialized television shows of the 1980s. Gitlin's use of the term referenced TV studios' practice of repackaging successful narrative formulas as new _______ even shows that varied only slightly from other shows still attracted sizeable audiences. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

When external forces are applied to common glass made from silicates, energy builds up around minuscule defects in the material, resulting in fractures. Recently, engineer Erkka Frankberg of Tampere University in Finland used the chemical _______ to make a glassy solid that can withstand higher strain than silicate glass can before fracturing. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, automobiles were commonly referred to as horseless carriages after the older technology they still resembled. Known as the Brass Era, this period in automotive design is remembered for its grandeur and artistry, its vehicles _______ by collectors for their ornate detailing and gleaming brass fittings. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

With the development of new technologies that use natural resources more efficiently, the overall consumption of those resources might be expected to decrease. Economists have observed that improvements in efficiency often correlate negatively with resource _______ efficiency gains, lowering the cost of use, may increase demand to the extent that resource consumption ultimately rises. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Before California's 1911 election to approve a proposition granting women the right to vote, activists across the state sold tea to promote the cause of suffrage. In San Francisco, the Woman's Suffrage Party sold Equality Tea at local fairs. _______ in Los Angeles, activist Nancy Tuttle Craig, who ran one of California's largest grocery store firms, distributed Votes for Women Tea. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Earth's auroras—colorful displays of light seen above the northern and southern poles—result, broadly speaking, from the Sun's activity. _______ the Sun releases charged particles that are captured by Earth's magnetic field and channeled toward the poles. These particles then collide with atoms in the atmosphere, causing the atoms to emit auroral light. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • The Seikan Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Japan. • It connects the island of Honshu to the island of Hokkaido. • It is roughly 33 miles long. • The Channel Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Europe. • It connects Folkestone, England, to Coquelles, France. • It is about 31 miles long. The student wants to compare the lengths of the two rail tunnels. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Pinnipeds, which include seals, sea lions, and walruses, live in and around water. • Pinnipeds are descended not from sea animals but from four-legged, land-dwelling carnivores. • Canadian paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski recently found a fossil with four legs, webbed toes, and the skull and teeth of a seal. • Rybczynski refers to her rare find as a "transitional fossil." • The fossil illustrates an early stage in the evolution of pinnipeds from their land-dwelling ancestors. The student wants to emphasize the fossil's significance. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Physicist Muluneh Abebe was working on a garment suited for both warm and cold conditions. • He analyzed the emissivity, or ability to emit heat, of the materials he planned to use. • Abebe found that reflective metal fibers emitted almost no heat and had an emissivity of 0.02. • He found that silicon carbide fibers absorbed large amounts of heat and had an emissivity of 0.74. • The amount of heat a material absorbs is equal to the amount of heat it emits. The student wants to contrast the emissivity of reflective metal fibers with that of silicon carbide fibers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • In 2020, theater students at Radford and Virginia Tech chose an interactive, online format to present a play about woman suffrage activists. • Their "Women and the Vote" website featured an interactive digital drawing of a Victorian-style house. • Audiences were asked to focus on a room of their choice and select from that room an artifact related to the suffrage movement. • One click took them to video clips, songs, artwork, and texts associated with the artifact. • The play was popular with audiences because the format allowed them to control the experience. The student wants to explain an advantage of the "Women and the Vote" format. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: • Ducklings expend up to 62.8% less energy when swimming in a line behind their mother than when swimming alone. • The physics behind this energy savings hasn't always been well understood. • Naval architect Zhiming Yuan used computer simulations to study the effect of the mother duck's wake. • The study revealed that ducklings are pushed in a forward direction by the wake's waves. • Yuan determined this push reduces the effect of wave drag on the ducklings by 158%. The student wants to present the study and its methodology. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?