The fashion resale market, in which consumers purchase secondhand clothing from stores and online sellers, generated nearly \$30 billion globally in 2019. Expecting to see continued growth, some analysts ______ that revenues will more than double by 2028.

Artificially delivering biomolecules to plant cells is an important component of protecting plants from pathogens, but it is difficult to transmit biomolecules through the layers of the plant cell wall. Markita del Carpio Landry and her colleagues have shown that it may be possible to ______ this problem by transmitting molecules through carbon nanotubes, which can cross cell walls.

Particle physicists like Ayana Holloway Arce and Aida El-Khadra spend much of their time ______ what is invisible to the naked eye: using sophisticated technology, they closely examine the behavior of subatomic particles, the smallest detectable parts of matter.

Anthropologist Kristian J. Carlson and colleagues examined the fossilized clavicle and shoulder bones of a 3.6-million-year-old early hominin known as "Little Foot." They found that these bones were ______ the clavicle and shoulder bones of modern apes that are frequent climbers, such as gorillas and chimpanzees, suggesting that Little Foot had adapted to life in the trees.

Rydra Wong, the protagonist of Samuel R. Delany's 1966 novel *Babel-17*, is a poet, an occupation which, in Delany's work, is not ______: nearly a dozen of the characters that populate his novels are poets or writers.

For a 2020 exhibition, photographer and neurobiologist Okunola Jeyifous ______ a series of new images based on a series of alphabet posters from the 1970s known as the "Black ABCs," which featured Black children from Chicago. Jeyifous photographed the now-adult models and layered the photos over magnified images of the models' cells, resulting in what he called "micro and macro portraiture."

In addition to being an accomplished psychologist himself, Francis Cecil Sumner was a ______ increasing the opportunity for Black students to study psychology, helping to found the psychology department at Howard University, a historically Black university, in 1930.

Whether the reign of a French monarch such as Hugh Capet or Henry I was historically consequential or relatively uneventful, its trajectory was shaped by questions of legitimacy and therefore cannot be understood without a corollary understanding of the factors that allowed the monarch to ______ his right to hold the throne.

Some bird species don't raise their own chicks. Instead, adult females lay their eggs in other nests, next to another bird species' own eggs. Female cuckoos have been seen quickly laying eggs in the nests of other bird species when those birds are out looking for food. After the eggs hatch, the noncuckoo parents will typically raise the cuckoo chicks as if they were their own offspring, even if the cuckoos look very different from the other chicks.

Cats can judge unseen people's positions in space by the sound of their voices and thus react with surprise when the same person calls to them from two different locations in a short span of time. Saho Takagi and colleagues reached this conclusion by measuring cats' levels of surprise based on their ear and head movements while the cats heard recordings of their owners' voices from two speakers spaced far apart. Cats exhibited a low level of surprise when owners' voices were played twice from the same speaker, but they showed a high level of surprise when the voice was played once each from the two different speakers.

A student performs an experiment testing her hypothesis that a slightly acidic soil environment is more beneficial for the growth of the plant *Brassica rapa parachinensis* (a vegetable commonly known as choy sum) than a neutral soil environment. She plants sixteen seeds of choy sum in a mixture of equal amounts of coffee grounds (which are highly acidic) and potting soil and another sixteen seeds in potting soil without coffee grounds as the control for the experiment. The two groups of seeds were exposed to the same growing conditions and monitored for three weeks.

"The Young Girl" is a 1920 short story by Katherine Mansfield. In the story, the narrator takes an unnamed seventeen-year-old girl and her younger brother out for a meal. In describing the teenager, Mansfield frequently contrasts the character's pleasant appearance with her unpleasant attitude, as when Mansfield writes of the teenager, ______

High levels of public uncertainty about which economic policies a country will adopt can make planning difficult for businesses, but measures of such uncertainty have not tended to be very detailed. Recently, however, economist Sandile Hlatshwayo analyzed trends in news reports to derive measures not only for general economic policy uncertainty but also for uncertainty related to specific areas of economic policy, like tax or trade policy. One revelation of her work is that a general measure may not fully reflect uncertainty about specific areas of policy, as in the case of the United Kingdom, where general economic policy uncertainty ______

Linguist Deborah Tannen has cautioned against framing contentious issues in terms of two highly competitive perspectives, such as pro versus con. According to Tannen, this debate-driven approach can strip issues of their complexity and, when used in front of an audience, can be less informative than the presentation of multiple perspectives in a noncompetitive format. To test Tannen's hypothesis, students conducted a study in which they showed participants one of three different versions of local news commentary about the same issue. Each version featured a debate between two commentators with opposing views, a panel of three commentators with various views, or a single commentator.

*King Lear* is a circa 1606 play by William Shakespeare. In the play, the character of King Lear attempts to test his three daughters' devotion to him. He later expresses regret for his actions, as is evident when he ______

Many of William Shakespeare's tragedies address broad themes that still appeal to today's audiences. For instance, *Romeo and Juliet*, which is set in the Italy of Shakespeare's time, tackles the themes of parents versus children and love versus hate, and the play continues to be read and produced widely around the world. But understanding Shakespeare's so-called history plays can require a knowledge of several centuries of English history. Consequently, ______

Ancestral Puebloans, the civilization from which present-day Pueblo tribes descended, emerged as early as 1500 B.C.E. in an area of what is now the southwestern United States and dispersed suddenly in the late 1200s C.E., abandoning established villages with systems for farming crops and turkeys. Recent analysis comparing turkey remains at Mesa Verde, one such village in southern Colorado, to samples from modern turkey populations in the Rio Grande Valley of north central New Mexico determined that the latter birds descended in part from turkeys cultivated at Mesa Verde, with shared genetic markers appearing only after 1280. Thus, researchers concluded that ______

One challenge when researching whether holding elected office changes a person's behavior is the problem of ensuring that the experiment has an appropriate control group. To reveal the effect of holding office, researchers must compare people who hold elected office with people who do not hold office but who are otherwise similar to the office-holders. Since researchers are unable to control which politicians win elections, they therefore ______

In his groundbreaking book *Bengali Harlem and the Lost Histories of South Asian America*, Vivek Bald uses newspaper articles, census records, ships' logs, and memoirs to tell the ______ who made New York City their home in the early twentieth century.

In her two major series "Memory Test" and "Autobiography," painter Howardena Pindell explored themes ______ healing, self-discovery, and memory by cutting and sewing back together pieces of canvas and inserting personal artifacts, such as postcards, into some of the paintings.

Both Sona Charaipotra, an Indian American, and Dhonielle Clayton, an African American, grew up frustrated by the lack of diverse characters in books for young people. In 2011, these two writers joined forces to found CAKE Literary, a book packaging ______ specializes in the creation and promotion of stories told from diverse perspectives for children and young adults.

A study led by scientist Rebecca Kirby at the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that black bears that eat human food before hibernation have increased levels of a rare carbon isotope, ______ due to the higher 13C levels in corn and cane sugar. Bears with these elevated levels were also found to have much shorter hibernation periods on average.

In 2010, archaeologist Noel Hidalgo Tan was visiting the twelfth-century temple of Angkor Wat in Cambodia when he noticed markings of red paint on the temple ______ the help of digital imaging techniques, he discovered the markings to be part of an elaborate mural containing over 200 paintings.

Working from an earlier discovery of Charpentier's, chemists Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna--winners of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry--re-created and then reprogrammed the so-called "genetic scissors" of a species of DNA-cleaving bacteria ______ a tool that is revolutionizing the field of gene technology.

In 2016, engineer Vanessa Galvez oversaw the installation of 164 bioswales, vegetated channels designed to absorb and divert stormwater, along the streets of Queens, New York. By reducing the runoff flowing into city sewers, ______

A study published by Rice University geoscientist Ming Tang in 2019 offers a new explanation for the origin of Earth's ______ structures called arcs, towering ridges that form when a dense oceanic plate subducts under a less dense continental plate, melts in the mantle below, and then rises and bursts through the continental crust above.

During a 2021 launch, Rocket Labs' Electron rocket experienced an unexpected failure: its second-stage booster shut down suddenly after ignition. ______ instead of downplaying the incident, Rocket Labs' CEO publicly acknowledged what happened and apologized for the loss of the rocket's payload, which had consisted of two satellites.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: - The calendar used by most of the world (the Gregorian calendar) has 365 days. - Because 365 days can't be divided evenly by 7 (the number of days in a week), calendar dates fall on a different day of the week each year. - The Hanke-Henry permanent calendar, developed as an alternative to the Gregorian calendar, has 364 days. - Because 364 can be divided evenly by 7, calendar dates fall on the same day of the week each year, which supports more predictable scheduling.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: - The Haudenosaunee Confederacy is a nearly 1,000-year-old alliance of six Native nations in the northeastern US. - The members are bound by a centuries-old agreement known as the Great Law of Peace. - Historian Bruce Johansen is one of several scholars who believe that the principles of the Great Law of Peace influenced the US Constitution. - This theory is called the influence theory. - Johansen cites the fact that Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson both studied the Haudenosaunee Confederacy.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: - In 1999, astronomer Todd Henry studied the differences in surface temperature between the Sun and nearby stars. - His team mapped all stars within 10 parsecs (approximately 200 trillion miles) of the Sun. - The surface temperature of the Sun is around 9,800 degrees F, which classifies it as a G star. - 327 of the 357 stars in the study were classified as K or M stars, with surface temperatures under 8,900 degrees F (cooler than the Sun). - 11 of the 357 stars in the study were classified as A or F stars, with surface temperatures greater than 10,300 degrees F (hotter than the Sun).

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: - The *Atlantic Monthly* magazine was first published in 1857. - The magazine focused on politics, art, and literature. - In 2019, historian Cathryn Halverson published the book *Faraway Women and the "Atlantic Monthly."* - Its subject is female authors whose autobiographies appeared in the magazine in the early 1900s. - One of the authors discussed is Juanita Harrison.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: - The magnificent frigatebird (*fregata magnificens*) is a species of seabird that feeds mainly on fish, tuna, squid, and other small sea animals. - It is unusual among seabirds in that it doesn't dive into the water for prey. - One way it acquires food is by using its hook-tipped bill to snatch prey from the surface of the water. - Another way it acquires food is by taking it from weaker birds by force. - This behavior is known as kleptoparasitism.